PENDAHULUAN
Institusi perhambaan diwarisi dari zaman sebelum kerajaan Melaka dan sebelum zaman Islam lagi.Orang Barat mendakwa amalan perhambaan menyebabkan manusia hidup menderita.Bagi raja-raja dan pembesar Melayu institusi perhambaan berperanan menyumbang tenaga dalam bidang ekonomi dan memberikan status kepada tuannya
Hamba boleh dibahagikan kepada tiga kumpulan utama iaitu hamba raja, hamba berhutang dan hamba biasa.
1) Hamba raja
Asalnya ialah orang merdeheka yang melakukan kesalahan jenayah tetapi berjaya ditangkap dan kemudianya diampunkan oleh raja
Taraf hamba raja lebih tinggi berbanding hamba-hamba lain.
Mereka mendapat perlindungan daripada pemerintah
Dikenali sebagai budak raja dan digelar biduanda
Hamba raja dan keturunannya akan menjadi hamba raja secara turun-temurun
Juga terdiri daripada orang tawanan perang atau banduan
Akan dibebaskan dengan keampunan dan keizinan raja
2) Hamba berhutang
Orang biasa yang menjadi hamba kerana gagal membayar hutang dalam tempoh masa yang ditetapkan
Orang yang melakukan kesalahan berjaya ditangkap tetapi tidak dapat memulangkan barang yang dicuri atau tidak mampu membayar denda.
Hamba, isteri dan anak-anak terpaksa tinggal bersama dengan pemiutang sehingga hutang selesai atau tamat tempoh masa berkhidmat seperti yang dipersetujui
Tarafnya sebagai hamba akan lupus apabila hutang itu selesai dibayar
Mereka akan melakukan kerja-kerja seperti bercucuk tanam, melombong dan kerja-kerja rumah
Boleh dijual kepada orang lain oleh tuannya
Boleh dibahagikan kepada beberapa kategori seperti orang berhutang- orang yang terikat dengan hutang yang dibebaskan setelah hutangnya selesai.
anak emas- orang yang menjadi hamba melalui perkahwinan.
hamba waris- anak isteri hamba yang berhutang.
hamba bayar- abdi yang diserah oleh tuannya kepada orang lain sebagai membayar hutangnya.
3) Hamba biasa
Golongan orang suruhan khas atau daripada keturunan hamba
Diperoleh melalui pembelian atau apabila berlaku pertukaran tuan
Menjadi hak tuannya seumur hidup
Terdapat tiga jenis hamba :
a) hamba abdi – melakukan kerja-kerja berat
b) hamba yang dibeli
c) biduanda- orang suruhan yang dimiliki oleh raja
Hamba abdi dibahagikan kepada:
a) hamba tawanan - tawanan perang
b) hamba diranggah – orang bukan Islam yang diculik dan dijual oleh peniaga hamba abdi
c) hamba habsyi - hamba import dari Afrika
d) hamba hulun – pesalah yang menyerah diri kepada pemerintah
e) hamba serah – orang yang menyerah diri menjadi hamba akibat kesukaran hidup
f) anak/keluarga hamba – isteri dan anak-anak kepada hamba abdi
Kesan pemerintahan British terhadap perhambaan
British menentang amalan perhambaan kerana bertentangan dengan nilai-nilai kemanusiaan Barat
British memperkenalkan undang-undang barat yang bertentangan dengan adab dan undang-undang masyarakat Melayu khususnya yang berkaitan dengan institusi perhambaan
Raja-raja dan pembesar Melayu menentang campurtangan British dalam isu perhambaan kerana hamba penting dari segi politik dan sosial masyarakat Melayu
Tindakan Birch yang memberi perlindungan kepada hamba berhutang terutamanya wanita, menjadi salah satu punca Birch dibunuh
Tahun 1884 amalan perhambaan diharamkan di Tanah Melayu
Kesimpulan
Sebelum kedatangan British kekuasaan pembesar dinilai dengan bilangan hamba yang dimiliki.
Selepas kedatangan British sistem perhambaan dihapuskan sehingga menimbulkan rasa tidak puas hati dalam kalangan pembesar kerana British telah campurtangan dalam adat masyarakat Melayu Timbul penentangan dalam kalangan masyarakat Melayu.
Sunday, January 31, 2010
jenis-jenis hamba dan kesan pemerintahan British terhadap sistem perhambaan di Tanah Melayu
Posted by CITY CYBER at 6:21 PM 1 comments
Tuesday, January 19, 2010
KERAJAAN AWAL DI MALAYSIA
KERAJAAN AWAL DI ASIA TENGGARA
-PADA AWALNYA BERADA DI BAWAH PENGARUH HINDU-BUDDHA.
1. Gangga Negara is believed to be a lost Hindu kingdom mentioned in the Malay Annals that covered present day Beruas, Dinding and Manjung in the state of Perak, Malaysia with Raja Gangga Shah Johan as one of its kings. Researchers believe that the kingdom was centered at Beruas and it collapsed after an attack by King Rajendra Chola I of Coromandel, South India, between 1025 and 1026. Another Malay annals Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa known as Kedah Annals, Gangga Negara may have been founded by Merong Mahawangsa's son Raja Ganjil Sarjuna of Kedah, allegedly a descendant of Alexander the Great or by the Khmer royalties no later than the 2nd century.
Gangga Negara means "a city on the Ganges" in Sanskrit, the name derived from Ganganagar in northwest India where the Kambuja peoples inhabited. The Kambujas are Indo-Iranian clan of Indo-European family, originally localized in Pamirs and Badakshan. Commonly known as Hindu traders, they built their colonies in Southeast Asia around 2000 years ago at the Mekong valley and also at the Malay archipelago in Funan, Chenla, Champa, Khmer, Angkor, Langkasuka, Sailendra, Srivijaya, etc. Historians found the Kambuja traders travelled from Gujarat to Sri Lanka and to Ligor (Nakhon Sri Thammarat) of northern Malay peninsular, overland to Thailand and Cambodia. fROM WIKIPEDIA
2. Langkasuka (-langkha Sanskrit for "resplendent land" -sukkha of "bliss") was an ancient Hindu Malay kingdom located in the Malay Peninsula. Another possible source of its name could be the combination of (-langkha Sanskrit for "resplendent land" - and Asoka in tribute to the legendary Mauryan Hindu warrior king who eventually became a pacifist after embracing the ideals espoused in Buddhism).
The kingdom along with Old Kedah are probably the earliest kingdom founded on the Malay Peninsula. According to tradition the founding of the kingdom happened in the 2nd century. Malay legends claim that Langkasuka was founded at Kedah, and later moved to Pattani.
The historical record is sparse, but a Chinese Liang Dynasty record (c. 500 AD) refers to the kingdom of "Lang-ya-xiu" (Chinese: 狼牙脩) as being founded in the 1st century AD. As described in the Chinese chronicles, Langkasuka was thirty days' journey from east to west, and twenty from north to south, 24,000 li in distance from Guangzhou. Its capital was said to be surrounded by walls to form a city with double gates, towers and pavilions. The Buddhist monk Yi Jing mentioned encountering three Chinese monks who lived in Lang-chia-su.
The kingdom's designation in Chinese records changed over time: it was known as "Lang-ya-se-chia" during the Song dynasty (960-1279); "Long-ya-si-jiao" during the Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368); and "Lang-se-chia" during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), as evidenced by the Mao Kun map of Admiral Zheng He.
The name "Langkasuka" was also mentioned in Malay and Javanese chronicles. Tamil sources name "Ilangasoka" as one of Rajendra Chola's conquests in his expedition against the Srivijaya empire. It was described as a kingdom that that was "undaunted in fierce battles".
In 515 AD King Bhagadatta first established relations with China, with further embassies sent in 523, 531 and 568. In the 12th century Langkasuka was a tributary to the Srivijaya empire, and around the 15th century it was replaced by the Pattani Kingdom.
In 1963, Stewart Wavell led a Cambridge Expedition to locate Langkasuka and Tambralinga. The details of this expedition can be read in The Naga King's Daughter, published by Antara Books
3. Pan Pan is a lost small Hindu Kingdom believed to have existed around 3rd-7th Century CE., somewhere in Kelantan or Terengganu, Malaysia. Little is known about this kingdom. The kingdom was later conquered by Srivijaya under the leadership of Dharmasetu before 775 CE.[1] It is speculated be related to Pan tan i (Pattani Kingdom), which occupies the same area today, and is different in culture and language to other Malay regions nearby.
During the Chinese Southern and Northern Dynasties, in year 529, 533, 534, 535 and 571 the Kingdom of Pan Pan sent tribute to China.[2] In year 616 and 637, the Kingdom of Pan Pan sent tribute to Tang dynasty.[3]
4. Srivijaya or Sriwijaya was an ancient Malay kingdom on the island of Sumatra, Southeast Asia which influenced much of the Maritime Southeast Asia.[1] The earliest solid proof of its existence dates from the 7th century; a Chinese monk, I-Tsing, wrote that he visited Srivijaya in 671 for 6 months.[2][3] The first inscription in which the name Srivijaya appears also dates from the 7th century, namely the Kedukan Bukit Inscription around Palembang in Sumatra, dated 683.[4] The kingdom ceased to exist between 1200 and 1300 due to various factors, including the expansion of Majapahit.[1] In Sanskrit, sri means "shining" or "radiant" and vijaya means "victory" or "excellence".[5]
After Srivijaya fell, it was largely forgotten and so historians had never considered that a large united kingdom could have been present in Southeast Asia. The existence of Srivijaya was only formally suspected in 1918 when French historian George Coedès of the École française d'Extrême-Orient postulated the existence of the empire.[5] Around 1992 and 1993, Pierre-Yves Manguin proved that the centre of Srivijaya was along the Musi River between Bukit Seguntang and Sabokingking (situated in what is now the province of South Sumatra, Indonesia).[5]
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Posted by CITY CYBER at 7:48 PM 0 comments